Lifestyle Genomics

Diabetes

Diabetic Cataract Learn More

What Exactly Is Diabetic Cataract?
Diabetes cataract is a disorder that causes blindness in diabetes people. A cataract is a thick, hazy region that develops in the eye's lens. Cataract patients compare seeing through clouded lenses to gazing through a frosty or fogged-up window. Cataracts are caused by tissue degradation and protein clumping. Nuclear cataract develops gradually as the core zone of the lens, also known as the nucleus, hardens and yellows. This hardness and yellowing will spread to the other layers of the lens over time.

Diabetic Nephropathy Learn More

What Exactly Is Diabetic Nephropathy?
Diabetic nephropathy is a kidney disease induced by elevated blood glucose levels (diabetes mellitus). This happens due to diabetes damaging the body's arteries, after which the kidney filters blood from those very arteries.

Diabetic Neuropathy Learn More

Definition of Diabetic Neuropathy
Diabetes causes a class of nerve illnesses known as diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes can cause nerve damage throughout the body. Some persons with nerve injury have no symptoms others may have pain, tingling, or numbness, as well as loss of feeling in their hands, arms, feet and legs. Nerve issues can affect any organ system, including the digestive tract, heart and genitalia.

Diabetic Retinopathy Learn More

What is Diabetic Retinopathy?
Diabetic Retinopathy is a diabetic eye condition. High blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels in the tissue at the back of the eye (retina). These blood arteries might expand and leak, or they can close, preventing blood from passing through. On occasion, aberrant new blood vessels form on the surface of the retina.

Foot Ulcers Learn More

What are Foot Ulcers?
Certain degrees of nerve injury frequently result in inadequate regeneration of damaged skin, which would recover normally under optimal conditions. In diabetes patients, the poor healing process can be ascribed to high or often variable blood sugar levels. As a result, even minor injuries can result in a foot ulcer in this situation.

Type II Diabetes Learn More

What Exactly Is Type II Diabetes?
Diabetes mellitus, also known as Type II Diabetes, is a disorder in which the body's capacity to process blood glucose, also known as blood sugar, is impaired. Insulin transports sugar from the blood into cells, where it is stored or utilised for energy. With type II diabetes, the body either does not produce enough insulin or does not use the insulin that it does produce adequately. Diabetes, if not managed properly, can cause a buildup of sugars in the blood, increasing the risk of hazardous consequences such as stroke, heart disease and damage to the eyes, kidneys and other organs.

Cardiovascular Disease Learn More

Definition of Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular disease is an umbrella term for illnesses affecting the heart or blood arteries. It has also been linked to artery damage in organs like as the brain, heart, kidneys and eyes.

Weight Management

Obesity Learn More

What Exactly Is Obesity?
Obesity is a disorder characterised by excessive body fat that raises the risk of health complications. Obesity is frequently caused by consuming more calories than are burnt by exercise and typical everyday activities. Obesity is indicated by a BMI greater than 30. Excess body fat raises the likelihood of significant health problems.

Lipid Metabolism

Triglyceride Levels Learn More

What Do Triglyceride Levels Mean?
Triglycerides are a substantial component of human body fat. Triglycerides contain fatty acids, which are an important source of energy for our body's cells. Triglyceride concentrations in the blood can be examined and can provide useful information about metabolism and overall health excessive levels may indicate underlying metabolic abnormalities and research suggests that high blood triglycerides are related with an increased risk of heart disease. Fasting triglyceride levels less than 150 mg/dl are considered normal.

Cholesterol Levels Learn More

What Do Cholesterol Levels Mean?
Cholesterol is a waxy molecule that is found in the blood. Although your body requires cholesterol to build healthy cells, high cholesterol levels can increase your risk of heart disease. High cholesterol might cause fatty deposits in your blood vessels. These deposits eventually accumulate, making it harder for adequate blood to circulate through your arteries. These deposits can rupture unexpectedly and create a clot, resulting in a heart attack or stroke. There are various forms of cholesterol: VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipoprotein) Cholesterol, LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Cholesterol and HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Cholesterol.

Nutrigenomics

Weight Management

Ability to Maintain Weight Loss Learn More

Weight Managment and maintaining weight loss?
While many people find losing weight difficult, maintaining it can be just as difficult. Many people who lose a lot of weight tend to gain it back after 1 to 3 years. Certain genetic variations affect the ability to maintain weight after weight loss. For those with a higher genetic risk for weight regain, it becomes even more important to maintain weight loss by following a healthy meal plan and exercise program.

Micronutrient Metabolism

Antioxidant Metabolism Learn More

Information on Antioxidant Metabolism?
Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit the oxidation process in the body. Certain processes lead to the formation of oxidative substances in the body that damage cells and DNA, resulting in impaired cellular function. The ability of antioxidants to destroy oxidized substances protects the structural integrity of cells and tissues. Antioxidants also boost the body's immune response. They are also known to reduce the risk of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Antioxidant-rich sources include dark chocolate, spinach, green tea and blueberries. Genetic variation may lead to altered function of the body's antioxidant defence system, thereby affecting dietary requirements for antioxidants.

Iron Metabolism Learn More

Importance of Iron Metabolism?
Iron is an essential element that the body needs to produce red blood cells. Approximately 70% of the body's iron is stored in red blood cells. It is important for the formation of haemoglobin and for transporting oxygen to cells in the body. Iron is also involved in immune system function and is an important nutrient for energy metabolism. Iron deficiency can cause fatigue, weakness, pale skin, headaches and dizziness, while too much iron can have a toxic effect on the body. Dietary sources of iron include chicken, tofu, red meat, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, beans and spinach. Genetic variation affects iron metabolism and thus the ability to absorb dietary iron.

Magnesium Metabolism Learn More

What is Magnesium Metabolism and what functions depend on it?
Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the body. It helps maintain normal nerve and muscle function, supports a healthy immune system, keeps your heartbeat steady and helps keep your bones strong. Magnesium also works with calcium to regulate muscle contraction. Magnesium deficiency is associated with incorrect nerve impulses, which can lead to a lack of coordination, muscle cramps, tremors and loss of appetite. Excess magnesium intake is currently associated with irregular heartbeat, low blood pressure and slowed breathing. Rich sources of magnesium include salmon, mackerel, tuna, spinach, kale, nuts and dark chocolate. Genetic variations can affect magnesium absorption and, thus its serum levels.

Calcium Metabolism Learn More

How does Calcium Metabolism Work for your body?
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body, present in more than 90 percent of bones and teeth. Calcium is also important for normal thyroid function. Calcium is absorbed by the body in the form of phosphate and is essential for regulating muscle contraction and heart function. Calcium levels in the blood are also important for the production of clotting factors and the transmission of nerve impulses. Because calcium has multiple functions in the body, a calcium deficiency can lead to problems such as osteoporosis, osteopenia and muscle cramps. Too much calcium can lead to constipation, increased thirst or urination, nausea, vomiting and kidney stones. Foods rich in calcium include all dairy products, almonds, broccoli, cabbage, soybeans, tofu, salmon and sardines. Genetic variations can cause abnormal calcium absorption in the body.

Phosphate Metabolism Learn More

Phosphate metabolism refers to the biochemical processes involved in the regulation and utilization of phosphate.Phosphate is a vital mineral that plays a crucial role in the development of bones and teeth. In the body, the majority of phosphorus combines with oxygen to form phosphate. Phosphate serves as a foundational element for various essential substances, which are involved in energy production, cell membrane construction and DNA synthesis. To obtain phosphate, one can consume dietary sources like milk, meat, sea fish (such as salmon, mackerel and sardines), seeds (like pumpkin and sunflower seeds), legumes, eggs and oatmeal. It is worth noting that genetic variations have the potential to impact serum phosphate levels, consequently affecting individual dietary needs.

Vitamin A Metabolism Learn More

How Does Vitamin A Metabolism Work?
A category of dietary organic compounds known as vitamin A plays a crucial role in the development of vision. It is crucial for maintaining the body's immune system and the health of the skin. In contrast to plant sources like carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, kale and cantaloupes, which contain the precursor of vitamin A in the form of carotenes that are then converted into retinol in the body, animal sources like organ meat, fish and milk products provide vitamin A in the form of retinol or retinoic acid. A lack of vitamin A can cause night blindness, acne, or dry skin, among other symptoms. Muscle soreness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and stomach pain could all result from too much vitamin A in the body. Genetic variations can impact the conversion of beta-carotene to retinol, which can change the amount of vitamin A needed in the diet.

Vitamin B12 Metabolism Learn More

What is the metabolism of vitamin B12?
A water-soluble vitamin known as cobalamin, our bodies use it in numerous metabolic processes. It plays a crucial role in myelin synthesis and the proper operation of the neurological system. Additionally, it's critical for the development of DNA and red blood cells. Along with riboflavin and folate, it aids in the cell's removal of homocysteine. Lethargy, weariness and poor nervous system function have all been linked to vitamin B12 deficiencies. Chicken, beef, tofu, eggs, salmon, dairy products and almond milk are all sources of vitamin B12. Genetic variations may impact how well it absorbs nutrients from meals, which may increase or decrease the risk of vitamin B12 insufficiency.

Vitamin B6 Metabolism Learn More

How Does Vitamin B6 Metabolism Work?
The vitamin B family of important minerals includes vitamin B6. B vitamins help our bodies transform the food we eat into the energy we require to function. It is essential for the metabolism of lipids, amino acids and carbohydrates. Anaemia, dermatitis and a weaker immune system are all linked to vitamin B6 deficiency. It has been demonstrated that it can lead to neurological diseases when present in excess. Chicken, eggs, chickpeas, bananas, sweet potatoes, pistachios and spinach are foods that are good sources of vitamin B6. Vitamin B6 deficiency risk can be affected by genetic differences that affect vitamin B6 absorption.

Vitamin B9 Metabolism Learn More

How Does Vitamin B9 Metabolism Work?
Water-soluble vitamin B9, also referred to as folate (a naturally occurring form of vitamin B9) or folic acid (a synthetic version), is a member of the B vitamin family. When vitamin B9 is activated, it aids in the creation of red blood cells, the breakdown of homocysteine, the synthesis of DNA and cell division. All of these processes are impacted by poor vitamin B9 metabolism. Homocysteine can damage blood vessels, create inflammation, raise blood pressure and interfere with heart health if it builds up in excess. However, excessive vitamin B9 use has been linked to severe skin reactions, insomnia and gastrointestinal issues. Egg yolks, cow liver, tuna, lentils, asparagus and beets are among the foods high in vitamin B9. The metabolism of vitamin B9 can be affected by variations in specific genes.

Vitamin C Metabolism Learn More

How Does Vitamin C Metabolism Work?
Ascorbic acid, another name for vitamin C, is a water-soluble vitamin that is necessary for both tissue repair and the enzymatic synthesis of specific neurotransmitters. It serves as an antioxidant and has a significant impact on the immune system. Skin rashes, delayed wound healing and scurvy (gum bleeding) have all been linked to vitamin C deficiency. However, excessive consumption may result in gastrointestinal issues, headaches and sleep issues. Citrus fruits including oranges and grapefruit, as well as kiwi, mango and papaya, are among the sources abundant in ascorbic acid. The body's ability to absorb vitamin C can be affected by genetic differences.

Vitamin D Metabolism Learn More

How Does Vitamin D Metabolism Work?
When skin is exposed to sunshine, vitamin D is synthesised. It is a fat-soluble vitamin. Since calcium levels in the blood are controlled by vitamin D, this vitamin is crucial for maintaining healthy bones. Lack of vitamin D has been linked to rickets, which causes muscle and bone weakening. Older persons experience cognitive impairment as a result of it. In the short term, increased calcium levels in the blood are linked to excess vitamin D in the body, which may cause nausea, vomiting and a lack of appetite. Salmon, egg yolks, cheese, spinach, tuna and other foods are excellent sources of vitamin D. However, food sources only provide a relatively small portion of the daily requirement for vitamin D, making sunshine the main source. Genetic variations can affect how vitamin D is metabolised, which can affect the likelihood of developing vitamin D insufficiency.

Vitamin E Metabolism Learn More

How Does Vitamin E Metabolism Work?
Tocopherols, usually referred to as vitamin E, are a group of fat-soluble vitamins. The body uses vitamin E primarily as an antioxidant to combat the free radicals produced by the body and stop cellular damage. It has a significant role in the immunological system as well. It is well established that cognitive decline and neuromuscular issues are brought on by vitamin E deficiency. In excess, vitamin E may be harmful and cause headaches, stomach cramps, nausea, diarrhoea and issues associated to bleeding. Vegetable oils, nuts, salmon, crayfish, soybeans, spinach, broccoli and almonds are among foods that are rich in vitamin E. The body's ability to absorb vitamin E can be affected by genetic differences.

Vitamin K Metabolism Learn More

How Does Vitamin K Metabolism Work?
Various chemical molecules that are fat-soluble make up vitamin K. Important processes like blood coagulation and bone mineralization depend on vitamin K. Therefore, symptoms like profuse bleeding, easy bruising and an increased risk of osteoporosis might result from a vitamin K shortage. Genetic differences can impact procedures that eventually affect how much vitamin K is needed in the food. Phylloquinone and menaquinone are two of vitamin K's active forms. Green vegetables including spinach, broccoli and iceberg lettuce are among the food sources high in phylloquinone. Menaquinone is present in higher concentrations in meat, dairy products and fermented diets.

Copper Metabolism Learn More

How Does Copper Metabolism Work?
Copper is an essential mineral that is required for red blood cell creation, nerve cell integrity and immune system regulation it also aids in iron absorption and collagen formation. Copper is mostly stored in the liver, brain, kidneys and skeletal muscles. Copper excess and shortage have been associated to nervous system deficits, liver damage and cardiovascular system problems. Genetics plays an important role in defining a person's natural ability to metabolise and absorb copper in the body.

Zinc Metabolism Learn More

How Does Zinc Metabolism Work?
Zinc is an essential mineral that plays an important role in cellular metabolism, DNA synthesis, immune function modulation, wound healing and protein synthesis. Because there is no zinc storage system in the body, adequate dietary zinc intake is required. Excess zinc intake can produce toxicity and symptoms such as nausea, lack of appetite and abdominal cramps zinc deficiency can cause poor immune function, growth retardation and loss of appetite. Oysters, eggs, crab, whole grains, beans and nuts are all high in zinc. Genetic differences in zinc transporter genes alter zinc absorption and serum levels in the body.

Macronutrient Metabolism

Response to Monounsaturated Fats Learn More

What is Monounsaturated Fat Response?
A type of fat known as a monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) has one double bond in its backbone. Typically, these lipids are liquid at normal temperature. Monounsaturated lipids are essential for controlling how well the body's immune system works. Lowering cholesterol levels and lowering the risk of heart disease and stroke can be accomplished by substituting monounsaturated fats for saturated and trans fats. Vitamin E, an antioxidant that keeps the body healthy by shielding cells from injury, is also abundant in monounsaturated fats. Monounsaturated fats are notably abundant in foods like avocados, peanut butter, almonds, seeds, olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil and sunflower oil. The extent of the health advantages associated with MUFA intake can be influenced by genetic differences.

Response to Polyunsaturated Fats Learn More

What is Polyunsaturated Fat Reaction?
A form of fat known as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has a backbone made up of several double bonds. Sesame oil is one source that is high in PUFA. Seeds like flaxseeds and walnuts are among the additional sources. PUFAs are liquids at normal temperature. The risk of heart disease and stroke can be reduced by using PUFAs to lower blood levels of LDL cholesterol. Vitamin E, an antioxidant vitamin that keeps the body healthy by shielding cells from injury, is also a component of polyunsaturated fat-rich oils. PUFA are primarily divided into omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. The anti-inflammatory omega-3 PUFAs can be found in fatty fish, shellfish, liver and several seeds, including flaxseed. Animal fats are the main source of omega-6 rich meals. The optimal ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 is between 2:1 and 4:1, but modern diets typically contain ratios between 15:1 and even 25:1, which means that the majority of people have a significantly higher dietary demand for omega-3 consumption. Dietary requirements for omega-3 PUFA consumption might be affected by genetic differences.

Response to Protein Learn More

How does Protein Response work?
An important macronutrient for growth and maintenance, protein is needed by the body. All of the cells in the body use it as a building block and as a fuel source. They serve as building blocks for a number of other compounds required for life when they are broken down into amino acids. A diet high in protein speeds up metabolism and curbs hunger. As a result, eating proteins promotes satiety, lowers overall calorie intake and curbs hunger over time, all of which help with fat loss and weight maintenance. Animal and plant proteins, such as those found in meats, dairy goods, fish, eggs, grains, legumes and nuts, are both sources of protein in the diet. In terms of maintaining weight loss, genetic variances can result in a different reaction to increasing protein consumption.

Response to Saturated Fats Learn More

What is Saturated Fat Response?
Saturated fats are a type of macronutrient that the body uses to produce energy. Butter, ghee, margarine and animal fats all include saturated fats. The number of double bonds in their backbones sets them apart from other types of lipids, with saturated fats having none. Compared to unsaturated fats, which are typically liquid at room temperature, they frequently have greater melting points. When taken in higher proportions than other fats, saturated fats are known to raise LDL cholesterol, which results in the buildup of plaque along the blood vessel walls and narrowing of the blood vessels. This increases the risk of acquiring cardiovascular problems directly. Genetic variations can affect how the body reacts to dietary saturated fat in terms of obesity and the development of aberrant lipid profiles.

Response to Carbohydrate Learn More

What is Carbohydrate Response?
The body uses carbohydrates as its main source of energy and calories, making them an essential macronutrient. The two main categories of carbohydrates are simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates. Simple carbs cause a surge in blood sugar levels and the release of insulin because they are readily broken down and absorbed by the body. The risk of acquiring diabetes and obesity may rise with increased use of simple carbs like refined flour, table sugar, syrups and fruit drinks. Due to their intricate structure, complex carbs cannot be broken down fast, which results in a delayed and prolonged release of sugar and insulin into the bloodstream. Oats, quinoa, brown rice, barley and legumes are examples of complex carbohydrate sources. In response to carbohydrate ingestion, genetic variations can affect the likelihood of developing insulin resistance and obesity.

Response to Fiber Learn More

What is Fibre Response?
Dietary fibre is a form of carbohydrate that the body cannot process. Dietary fiber's principal function is in intestinal function. Dietary fibre, particularly insoluble fibre, aids in constipation prevention by increasing stool weight and lowering stool transit time in the gut. It also reduces the risk of heart disease and diabetes. Fibre-based meals hold water in the intestine, making you feel fuller and keeping your calorie intake in check, lowering your chance of becoming obesity. It can be found in a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grains. Genetic differences can alter the extent to which increasing fibre consumption can help maintain weight under control.

Regulation of Eating

Emotional Eating Dependance Learn More

What Exactly Is Emotional Eating Dependence?
We all appreciate wonderful meals. We celebrate our joy with food, games and frolic. Unfortunately, many people do the same when they are depressed or unhappy. 'Emotional Eating Dependence' is the name given to the second type of eating habit. It is a mental illness, a yearning induced in an attempt to compensate for and fill a void in one's life. This psychological condition is a reaction to one's emotions, which causes one to overeat chocolate cookies, crusty puffs, creamy cakes, puddings and other luxuries. Those who experience this problem are either conscious or subconsciously locked in the cycle and they feel forced to reach for food for solace. It is not just stress that causes people to reach for food. Boredom might also contribute to becoming a "munch potato." Variations in specific genes can also cause such a response to diet. Emotional eating can lead to increased calorie intake, kicking your weight loss attempts to the curb.

Satiety Response Learn More

What Exactly Is Satiety Response?
Satiety is defined as a sensation of fullness or the suppression of hunger for a period of time following a meal. Certain genetic differences can affect the ability to feel full after eating a meal, which can contribute to overeating in people who have a low satiety response. Overeating can result in an excess of calories consumed, raising the risk of weight gain.

Snacking Pattern Learn More

What Exactly Is a Snacking Pattern?
Eating behaviour is influenced by a complex combination of physiological, psychological, social and genetic factors that influence meal schedule, food quantity, food choice and food selection. Even after a meal, some people seek snacks or more meals. Even when they are full, such persons have a heightened need to nibble on foods throughout the day. Variations in specific genes are implicated in a bad snacking pattern, which leads to overeating.

Taste Perception

Fatty Food Preference Learn More

What Exactly Is Fatty Food Preference?
Fatty food preference reveals our taste preferences for fat-rich foods such as deep-fried dishes, nuts, cheese and red meats. Individual food preferences, eating behaviour and nutritional intake are determined by how an individual perceives the flavour of meals. Certain genetic variants that regulate our fatty food consumption govern our preference for fatty foods.

Sweet Taste Perception Learn More

Can You Explain Sweet Taste Perception?
Sweet taste perception refers to our taste buds' ability to detect sweet meals. Individual food choices and the impact of eating behaviour and nutritional intake are explained by taste perception. In general, those who are less sensitive tend to consume more of that meal and overeat. Sweet taste buds are typically situated near the back of the tongue and on the roof of the mouth. Inter-individual variances in sweet taste perception are influenced by genetic polymorphisms in the genes encoding taste receptors. People with specific genetic variations have weak sweet taste perception and thus consume more sugar.

Bitter Taste Perception Learn More

Definition of Bitter Taste Perception
Bitter taste perception refers to our taste buds' ability to detect bitter foods. Individual food choices and the impact of eating behaviour and nutritional intake are explained by taste perception. In general, those who are less sensitive are more prone to consume that food and to overeat. Lower bitter taste perception is often related with increased ingestion of bitter foods, which could potentially contribute to toxicity in the body under severe situations. Differences in bitter taste perception are caused by genetic polymorphisms in the genes producing taste receptors.

Food Intolerances & Sensitivities

Gluten Intolerance Learn More

What Exactly Is Gluten Intolerance?
Gluten is a type of storage protein found in the seeds of cereal grains such as wheat, barley, rye and oats, along with carbohydrates. Gluten in wheat is responsible for its flexibility and rising during the baking process. Gluten sensitivity is characterised by unfavourable gluten responses. The most severe form of gluten sensitivity is celiac disease. Bloating, diarrhoea, constipation and abdominal pain are symptoms of gluten intolerance after consuming gluten-containing items. Celiac disease has also been linked to other conditions such as diabetes, thyroid problems and autoimmune disorders. Gluten-free cereals are available for those who are sensitive to gluten. A gluten-free diet is vital for controlling the signs and symptoms of celiac disease and other gluten-related medical problems. Genetic differences can influence a person's likelihood of acquiring celiac disease.

Lactose Metabolism Learn More

What Exactly Is Lactose Intolerance?
Lactose, often known as milk sugar, is a type of carbohydrate found in milk and other dairy products. It imparts a pleasantly sweet flavour to dairy goods. Lactase, an enzyme generated and secreted by the cells that lining the small intestine, begins metabolising lactose in the intestines. Lactose is fermented by gut bacteria when the body does not create enough lactase enzyme. This causes the stomach to produce lactic acid and other gases, resulting in lactose intolerance symptoms. Bloating, gas production in the stomach and diarrhoea are symptoms of lactose intolerance. Genetic differences can influence a person's likelihood of acquiring lactose intolerance.

Salt Metabolism Learn More

How Does Salt Metabolism Work?
Table salt is a mineral that is mostly made up of sodium chloride. Sodium is a vital electrolyte and essential mineral for human health, serving largely as an electrolyte and maintaining fluid equilibrium in the body. Sodium allows nerve impulses to travel throughout the body by controlling the electrical charges that go in and out of cells. The presence of sodium ions is required for muscular contraction, including the most vital muscle, the heart. Excess sodium in the body can cause hypertension, fluid retention, swelling and edoema. Severe sweating, vomiting and diarrhoea are also strongly linked to elevated salt levels. Cured meats, salted fish, cheese and canned foods are high in sodium. Genetic differences can determine how an individual responds to salt intake and hence how much salt can be tolerated in their diet.

Caffiene Metabolism Learn More

Caffeine Metabolism Explained
Caffeine is a stimulant of the central nervous system found in beverages such as coffee, tea, energy drinks and aerated drinks such as cola. Caffeine stimulates alertness and wakefulness when consumed. It can, however, cause minor dependence. In general, up to 400 mg of caffeine appears to be a healthy quantity for adults, although there is a considerable deal of variance in how much caffeine an individual can handle, which is determined by genetic variations. Caffeine overdose can result in anxiety, insomnia, digestive difficulties, elevated blood pressure and a rapid heart rate. Cured meats, salted fish, cheese and canned foods are high in sodium. Genetic differences can determine how an individual responds to salt intake and hence how much salt can be tolerated in their diet.

Cardiovascular

Arrythmia

Atrial Fibrillation Learn More

What Exactly Is Atrial Fibrillation?
Atrial fibrillation is a condition in which the heart rate is erratic and fast, putting the patient at risk of stroke and other cardiac problems.

Brugada Syndrome Learn More

Brugada Syndrome explained
Brugada syndrome is a heart rhythm condition characterised by irregular heartbeats, particularly from the lower chambers of the heart, known as the ventricles. This illness is caused by a malfunction in the channels that direct electrical impulses, causing irregular heartbeats. This irregular beat can be rapid and harmful, resulting in a lack of blood circulation to the body. Brugada syndrome is caused by structural heart defects, chemical imbalances and certain medicines. Brugada syndrome is also caused by genetic differences.

Ventricular Fibrillation Learn More

Definition of Ventricular Fibrillation
Ventricular Fibrillation is a severe kind of arrhythmia or cardiac rhythm disease in which the heart beats with rapid, unpredictable electrical impulses. Because it is a life-threatening condition, it must be addressed right away. While the precise aetiology of ventricular fibrillation is uncertain, it frequently begins with ventricular tachycardia (rapid heartbeat). It happens in persons who have scar tissue from previous heart attacks as well as heart muscle damage from cardiac diseases. Untreated ventricular tachycardia progresses to ventricular fibrillation.

Ventricular Tachycardi Learn More

What exactly is Ventricular Tachycardia?
Ventricular tachycardia is a rapid, abnormal heart rhythm that begins in the heart's bottom chambers (ventricles). Ventricular tachycardia occurs when the heart rate exceeds 100-120 beats per minute and there are three or more abnormal beats in a row. When electrical impulses are disrupted, fast signals are conveyed to the ventricles. This quick heartbeat does not allow enough blood to fill the ventricles, resulting in insufficient blood supply to the rest of the body. Ventricular tachycardia can sometimes cause the heart to stop, which is a life-threatening medical emergency.

Valve Diseases

Stenosis Learn More

Understanding Stenosis
Stenosis is a disorder in which the heart valve narrows, restricting blood flow. The valve flap stiffens or thickens and does not fully open, requiring the heart to work harder to pump blood, leading it to grow and weaken. Aortic stenosis, tricuspid stenosis, pulmonary stenosis and mitral stenosis are the many forms of stenosis. Stenosis can be caused by congenital cardiac abnormalities, rheumatic fever and calcium buildup on the valve. It mainly affects older people, but it can be congenital as well.

Aortic Dissection Learn More

Definition of Aortic Dissection
Aortic dissection occurs when the inner lining of the aorta (the primary artery that drains the heart) tears. Dissection occurs when blood flows between the layers of the vascular wall. This can result in a rupture or an insufficient blood flow to the other organs. There are two kinds of aortic stenosis, depending on which section of the aorta is affected: Type A: The rip is located in the ascending aorta. This is a more prevalent and potentially deadly variant. Type B: A rip in the descending aorta.

Bicuspid Aortic Valve Learn More

What exactly is the Bicuspid Aortic Valve?
Bicuspid aortic valve is a disorder in which the aortic valve, which controls blood flow into the aorta from the heart's left ventricle, has two cusps (flaps) rather than three. The valve does not work properly in this disorder, allowing blood to flow backwards from the aorta into the left ventricle and producing an unnatural sound (murmur) depending on the degree of abnormality. It is a congenital disorder that frequently runs in families. Several studies have also suggested that it could be caused by a connective tissue condition, which could lead to other circulatory system issues.

CVD

Stroke Learn More

Definition Stroke
A stroke most commonly happens in the brain due to a lack of oxygen and blood supply (blocked artery) to the brain (ischemia). As a result, the brain cells (neurons) cannot produce enough energy and finally die. It damages the brain by interfering with energy-dependent processes. Stroke symptoms include sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arms, or legs, loss of vision, difficulty walking, disorientation and severe headaches with no apparent reason.

Angina Learn More

What exactly is Angina ait's effects
Angina is a sign of coronary heart disease that is caused by decreased blood flow to the heart. Inadequate oxygen supply results from a lack of blood supply. In the chest, there is discomfort, agony, heaviness and tightness. There are various types of angina. 1. Stable Angina: This condition is triggered by physical exertion such as exercise or stair climbing. 2. Unstable Angina: This type of angina occurs at rest and is more severe. 3. Microvascular Angina: Chest pain without a blockage of the coronary arteries. 4. Variant angina, also known as Prinzmetal's angina, is a rare but severe condition caused by a spasm in the heart's arteries, which momentarily reduces blood flow and occurs during rest.

Aneurysm Learn More

Aneurysm explained
An aneurysm develops when the arterial wall weakens, resulting in a bulge caused by an increase in blood pressure in the artery. Atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, deep wounds, or infection can all contribute to it. It can sometimes be discovered from birth. Aortic aneurysms (found in the aorta-the main blood vessels that carry blood from the heart), cerebral aneurysms (arteries that supply the brain) and peripheral aneurysms (any peripheral artery) are the three types. It can be fatal if the aneurysm ruptures and causes a stroke.

Long QT Syndrome Learn More

What exactly is Long QT Syndrome?
Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is an unusual and genetic disorder in which the heart rhythm becomes rapid and disorganised. Arrhythmias (abnormal heartbeat rhythms) can occur suddenly, uncontrollably and dangerously in reaction to exercise or stress. This abnormality in the electrical activity of the heart is referred to as QT prolongation on an electrocardiogram (ECG). LQTS 1, 2 and 3 are the most prevalent kinds of inherited LQTS. Arrhythmias in LQTS 1 can be triggered by mental stress or exercise (particularly swimming). Extreme emotions, such as surprise, can cause arrhythmias in LQTS 2. A sluggish heart rate during sleep can cause arrhythmias in people with LQTS 3.

Myocardial Infarction Learn More

What is myocardial infarction?
A myocardial infarction happens when blood supply to the heart is suddenly reduced. The heart does not receive oxygen if blood is not pumped. If not treated promptly, the heart muscle begins to die. However, if treated immediately, damage to the heart muscle can be reduced or avoided.

Coronary Heart Disease Learn More

Coronary Heart Disease explained and symptom associated
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), also known as Ischemic Heart Disease, occurs when the heart's blood supply is interrupted due to the buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries, causing inflammation and gradual thickening of the coronary arteries and eventually scarring or furring up the artery lining, resulting in atherosclerosis. CHD is frequently the result of the advancement of CAD and atherosclerosis. CHD symptoms range from chest pain (angina) to shortness of breath. Myocardial infarction (heart attack) is another sign.

Coronary Artery Disease Learn More

Information on Coronary Artery Disease?
The largest blood artery group that supplies blood to the heart is the coronary arteries. Any damage to these blood vessels caused by plaque buildup could result in a decrease in blood supply to the heart, resulting in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Symptoms such as shortness of breath and chest pain might occur as a result of reduced blood flow. CAD manifests as stable angina (chest pain), unstable angina, myocardial infarction (heart attack) and sudden cardiac death (SCD), depending on the amount of blockage. A full blockage could result in a myocardial infarction.

Atherosclerosis Learn More

What Exactly Is Atherosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which fat, cholesterol, calcium and other chemicals form plaques in the artery walls, narrowing the opening of the arteries and reducing blood flow, ultimately leading to cardiovascular disease. When these plaques break, they produce a blood clot, limiting or even blocking the flow of oxygen-rich blood to organs and other regions of the body.

Cardiomyopathy

Dilated Cardiomyopathy Learn More

Definition of Dilated Cardiomyopathy
The most prevalent kind of cardiomyopathy is dilated cardiomyopathy. The muscle of the heart's primary pumping chamber (the left ventricle) becomes dilated and weakened in this condition. As a result, the heart is unable to deliver enough blood to the rest of the body. Later on, the right ventricle dilates and becomes dysfunctional. Dilated cardiomyopathy can be caused by a variety of disorders such as various cardiac diseases, alcohol consumption, diabetes, thyroid, viral infections of the heart, or certain medicines.

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Learn More

Defining Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy is a disorder that causes the heart muscle to thicken abnormally. This reduces the ability of the heart to pump blood. It causes rigidity in the heart's lower chambers (ventricles), valve changes (mitral valve) and cellular alterations. There are two types of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (in which the septum between the ventricles enlarges and restricts blood flow out of the heart) and non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (in which blood flow is not significantly restricted). While hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is primarily inherited, it can also be caused by high blood pressure or ageing.

Venous Thromboembolism

Venous Thrombosis Learn More

Explaining Venous Thrombosis?
Venous thrombosis is a disorder in which a blood clot forms in a vein and restricts blood flow. Venous Thrombosis Types: 1. Superficial Venous Thrombosis- a blood clot that forms near the skin's surface. 2. Deep Vein Thrombosis- a blood clot that forms in a deep vein in the body, usually in the leg, thigh, or pelvis. The venous thrombus may disintegrate, gather extra platelets or fibrin and produce vessel obstruction, or it may dislodge and migrate to another place, producing catastrophic issues such as pulmonary embolism. Certain genetic variants may enhance the risk of venous thrombosis.

Pulmonary Embolism Learn More

What Exactly Is Pulmonary Embolism?
The blocking of arteries in the lungs caused by blood clots is known as pulmonary embolism. These blood clots occur in many regions of the body, most notably the arms or legs (in the case of deep vein thrombosis). These clots travel through the circulatory system, reach the lungs and create blockage of the lungs' tiny capillaries, affecting blood circulation to that area of the lungs. Due to a lack of blood and oxygen, the lungs may cease to function, causing lasting damage to the organ. The symptoms may vary depending on the extent of the lung involvement and the size of the clot.

Terminal Heart Disorders

Heart Failure Learn More

Definition of Heart Failure
Heart failure is the inability of the heart to adequately pump blood to the body. The heart muscles are either injured and weaker or stiffened. The lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles) do not fill adequately, resulting in ineffective pumping. Heart failure can also be caused by illnesses such as coronary heart disease, in which the arteries grow narrow and hypertension. Heart failure can be classified as left-sided, right-sided, diastolic (the heart is stiff and does not fill adequately), or systolic (the heart is weak and does not pump blood effectively).

Sudden Cardiac Death Learn More

What Exactly Is Sudden Cardiac Death?
The unexpected death caused by the heart abruptly and unexpectedly stopping beating is known as sudden cardiac death. When this happens, blood flow to the brain and other essential organs is cut off. An irregular heartbeat is caused by an electrical defect in the heart. The most common cause of sudden cardiac death is an irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia). Cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, heart attack, valve disease, or inherited heart disease can all cause sudden cardiac death.

Inflammatory Diseases

Kawasaki Disease Learn More

Kawasaki disease explained
Kawasaki disease is a mucocutaneous lymph node disorder that primarily affects babies and young children and causes inflammation of the arteries, veins and capillaries. It primarily affects the child's mucous membranes in the mouth, nose and throat. Although around 80% of Kawasaki illness patients are under the age of five, older children and teenagers may also be affected, albeit infrequently. It is a major cause of acquired heart disease in youngsters.

Infective Endocarditis Learn More

Definition of Infective Endocarditis
Endocarditis is an inflammation of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves. Infective endocarditis is inflammation of the endocardium induced by an infection. This illness is typically caused by streptococcal or staphylococcal bacteria that enter the body by various areas such as the mouth, skin, respiratory system and urinary tract. If left untreated, it can lead to valve deterioration, heart failure, stroke and even death. Fungi and other microbes can occasionally cause infection.

Dyslipedemia

Hypertriglyceridemia Learn More

Defining hypertriglyceridemia
Hypertriglyceridemia is defined as an abnormally high level of triglycerides (a type of lipid) in the bloodstream. Triglycerides are a substantial component of human body fat and an important source of energy for our cells. Hypertriglyceridemia may be a symptom of underlying metabolic abnormalities and it has been linked to an increased risk of heart disease. Hypertriglyceridemia is defined as a triglyceride level greater than 150 mg/dl.

Hypercholesterolemia Learn More

The definition of hypercholesterolemia
A high blood cholesterol level is referred to as hypercholesterolemia. Cholesterol is a waxy molecule found in blood that is necessary for the formation of healthy cells nevertheless, high amounts of cholesterol can increase the risk of heart disease. High cholesterol causes fatty deposits to form in the blood vessels, making it difficult for blood to circulate through the arteries. These deposits can rupture unexpectedly and create a clot, resulting in a heart attack or stroke.

Vascular Disease

Hypertension Learn More

What Exactly Is Hypertension?
Hypertension is characterised by persistently elevated blood pressure. Hypertension is caused by a complicated interaction between genes and environmental factors. high salt in the diet, high body weight, smoking and excessive alcohol intake are all risk factors. Uncontrolled hypertension can result in a heart attack, stroke and other health issues.

Bone Health & Disorders

Bone Disorders

Paget's of Bone Learn More

What is the bone condition Paget's?
A persistent, non-inflammatory skeletal illness called Paget's disease of the bone can affect one or more bones. Remodelling is the term used to describe the natural process by which the old bone is replaced by the new bone. A deficiency in the remodelling process causes an imbalance that leads to improperly formed, brittle, and weak bone in this illness condition. Other times, it creates bone in the wrong place. Due to a problem with the bone renewal process, a person with Paget's disease may require more time to mend from a fracture. The legs, spine, pelvis, and skull are most commonly impacted.

Avascular Necrosis Learn More

Definition of Avascular Necrosis
In a degenerative bone disorder called avascular necrosis (AVN), also referred to as osteonecrosis, the bone tissue dies from a lack of blood flow. The extent of AVN is determined by the area affected, the size of the affected area, the disease's course, and the bone's ability to heal itself. A lack of blood can cause the bones to fracture, collapse, or even result in dislocation. It typically happens after a wound, radiation therapy to the bones, or fatty buildup in the blood vessels that cut off the bones' blood supply. As the weight-bearing joints, hip bones are frequently impacted.

Joint Disorders

Ankylosing Spondylitis Learn More

What exactly is ankylosing spondylitis?
Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of chronic inflammatory arthritis that mostly affects the spine and causes joint inflammation. This is a chronic ailment, and young adults are often affected by its symptoms, which include back pain and stiffness. Men are reported to be more likely than women to experience it. The pelvic bones may initially experience inflammation before spreading to the spine, other shoulder joints, hips, etc. Ankylosis, the term for the fusing of bones, may also result from the inflammation. Combinations of genetic and environmental variables are probably responsible for the development of ankylosing spondylitis. Variations in the HLA-B27 gene enhance the likelihood of developing ankylosing spondylitis, one of the genes thought to be connected to the condition. The risk based on variations in the ERAP1 gene was demonstrated to be connected with ankylosing spondylitis only in the presence of variation in the HLA-B27 gene, according to a recent study.

Gout Arthritis Learn More

Gout and the complications it causes
Sharp aches in the joints, particularly in the big toe, are a defining feature of the inflammatory arthritis known as gout. Purines, which are naturally present in the body and are also present in some meals, are converted into uric acid through the metabolic process. Hyperuricemia, which results in excessive quantities of uric acid crystals being deposited into the cartilage surrounding the joints, causes excruciatingly painful swelling, redness, and discomfort.

Juvenile Arthritis Learn More

Juvenile Arthritis
A kind of arthritis called juvenile arthritis is frequently diagnosed in children under the age of 16. When the body's own cells and tissues are attacked by the immune system, it happens. This illness produces stiffness and persistent joint discomfort that may linger for months or even years. The susceptibility of a person to environmental factors and situations that may induce juvenile arthritis is increased by specific gene alterations.

Osteoarthritis Learn More

Defining osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is a frequent type of arthritis that harms the joints by wearing away the protective tissue that cushions the ends of bones. Osteoarthritis can affect any joint, although it most frequently affects the hands, knees, hips, and spine joints. There are two types of osteoarthritis: primary and secondary. While secondary osteoarthritis is brought on by underlying disorders like trauma or diseases, primary osteoarthritis is not linked to any predisposing trauma or disease.

Psoriatic Arthritis Learn More

The definition of psoriatic arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis is a type of arthritis that typically affects psoriasis patients. The immune system of the body assaults its own cells and tissues in an autoimmune disorder. Skin covered in red, itchy, and silvery scales is a symptom of psoriasis. Psoriatic arthritis, with symptoms like pain and stiffness of the joints, including the fingertips and spine, may develop in them. There are two types of psoriatic arthritis: polyarticular (affecting more than four joints simultaneously) and oligoarticular (affecting four or fewer joints). Psoriatic arthritis may be brought on by specific genetic variants and environmental causes.

Rheumatoid Arthritis Learn More

The definition of psoriatic arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis is a type of arthritis that typically affects psoriasis patients. The immune system of the body assaults its own cells and tissues in an autoimmune disorder. Skin covered in red, itchy, and silvery scales is a symptom of psoriasis. Psoriatic arthritis, with symptoms like pain, and stiffness of the joints, including the fingertips and spine, may develop in them. There are two types of psoriatic arthritis: polyarticular (affecting more than four joints simultaneously) and oligoarticular (affecting four or fewer joints). Psoriatic arthritis may be brought on by specific genetic variants and environmental causes.

Bone Health

Vitamin D, Calcium & Bone Health Learn More

About calcium, vitamin D, and bone health
A fat-soluble vitamin called vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption and aids in the mineralization of bones. For the preservation of healthy, strong bones throughout the body, calcium is crucial. The sources of vitamin D are sunlight exposure, fortified foods, and foods like fatty fish. A vitamin D deficiency can impair the body's capacity to absorb calcium and leave it susceptible to bone loss or weak bones. Bone remodelling and bone density are also impacted by vitamin D insufficiency. The general health of your bones may be impacted by a number of variables, including age, genetic predisposition, lifestyle choices, and diet.

Bone Mineral Density Learn More

Defining Bone Mineral Density
The amount of minerals present in a specific volume of bone is determined by its bone mineral density. It can give a general notion of the bones' structural soundness at a specific time. The risk assessment of ailments like osteoporosis and bone fractures can be aided by this test. Bones with a higher bone mineral concentration tend to be denser and less likely to break. While a decreased bone mineral content is a sign of a higher risk of fracture.

Hormonal Genomics

Pitutiary Disorders

Acromegaly Learn More

What is Acromegaly
Acromegaly is a rare hormonal disorder that develops when the pituitary gland produces excess growth hormone during adulthood. Acromegaly usually affects middle-aged adults and in this condition, bones increase in size, including those of your hands, feet and face it could cause increased pressure on joints, thereby increasing the risk of developing osteoarthritis. In children with an active growth cycle, excess growth hormone levels can cause a condition called gigantism. Such children have exaggerated bone growth and an abnormal increase in height. Acromegaly could cause hypertension and increase the risk of developing diabetes.

Growth Hormone Deficiency Learn More

What is Growth Hormone Deficiency
Growth Hormone Deficiency (GHD) is a rare disorder characterized by the inadequate secretion of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary gland. GHD can be present from birth (congenital), resulting from genetic mutations or from structural defects in the brain it can also be acquired later in life as a result of trauma, infection, radiation therapy, or tumor growth within the brain.

Adrenal Disorders

Addison's Disease Learn More

What is Addison's Disease
Addison's Disease or Adrenal insufficiency is a pathological condition wherein the adrenal glands are unable to sufficiently produce adrenal hormones, mainly cortisol other hormones affected include aldosterone and testosterone. Cortisol is known to affect every organ and tissue in the body it plays a major role in maintaining blood pressure, cardiovascular function, immune system and inflammatory response. Addison's Disease can potentially be a life-threatening condition.

Primary Aldosteronism Learn More

What is Primary Aldosteronism (Hyperaldosteronism)
Primary Aldosteronism is a condition characterized by overproduction of the adrenal hormone 'aldosterone'. This in turn causes increase in sodium levels, causing hypertension and decrease in potassium levels, resulting in hypokalemia and impaired nerve and muscle function in the body. The main causes are benign tumor growth on the adrenal glands or overactivity of both adrenal glands. Hypertension can lead to further complications such as cardiovascular diseases and kidney diseases.

Pediatric Disorder

Pediatric Obesity Learn More

What is Pediatric Obesity
Pediatric or childhood obesity is a growing global epidemic that requires attention due to the burden on healthcare system for children and adults. Obesity is characterized by having a high fat composition and a BMI of 30 and above. It is a result of imbalance between energy intake and its expenditure. Hormones can play a role in increase or decrease of food intake, energy expenditure and other metabolic changes that may change body composition due to increase in fat, cholesterol, or glucose levels. Obesity increases the risk of other conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, breathing disorders and depression.

Congenital Hypothyroidism Learn More

What is Congenital Hypothyroidism
Congenital hypothyroidism is a partial or complete loss of function of the thyroid gland that affects infants from birth. It occurs when the thyroid gland fails to develop or function properly, resulting in lower than normal levels of thyroid hormones. Sometimes, the pituitary gland fails to send signals to produce thyroid hormones. If the condition is not diagnosed and treated in a timely manner, it can result in irreversible neurological problems and poor growth. Genetic causes account for about 15 to 20 percent of cases of congenital hypothyroidism.

Women's Health

Endometriosis (Women Only) Learn More

What is Endometriosis
The endometrium is a tissue lining the inner wall of the uterus. Endometriosis is a gynecological condition characterized by the presence and growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. Even outside the uterus, the endometrial tissue is functional and can thicken and bleed, mimicking normal tissue function. This condition can cause irritation and inflammation in other organs.

Leiomyoma (Women Only) Learn More

What is Leiomyoma
Leiomyoma, also known as uterine fibroid, is a common benign tumor of the uterus. Tumors can be numerous and large but typically remain benign. Hormones like estrogen and progesterone are believed to be the factors responsible for uterine fibroids, as they stimulate the growth of uterine lining. Leiomyomas are common in reproductive-aged women and may potentially cause infertility or pregnancy-related complications.

PCOS (Women Only) Learn More

What is PCOS
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a condition characterized by the formation of cysts in the ovaries and an irregularity or failure in ovulation which can cause irregular periods. It is one of the most common causes of female infertility. Although its exact cause is unknown, potential causes include excess production of androgens and hormonal imbalances of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

Early Ovarian Failure (Women) Learn More

What is Premature Ovarian Failure
Premature Ovarian Failure (POF), also known as early menopause, is characterized by the cessation of menses before the age of 40 years. It results from a rapid decrease or complete exhaustion of eggs from follicles in the ovaries and can cause fertility issues. Due to POF, the ovaries are unable to produce the required amounts of ovarian hormones like estrogen and progesterone. Hormonal imbalances can further cause hormone-related complications such as osteoporosis and heart diseases.

Men's Health

Erectile Dysfunction (Men Only) Learn More

What is Erectile Dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction (impotence) is the frequent or consistent inability to develop or sustain a penile erection that is satisfactory for engaging in sexual intercourse. While most men occasionally fail to get an erection or lose one prematurely during sexual activity, some men suffer from these problems regularly. Erectile dysfunction could cause hormonal imbalances such as low testosterone, high prolactin and abnormal thyroid hormone levels. Erectile dysfunction could also result in chronic liver or kidney conditions affecting blood vessels and nerves.

Low Testosterone (Men Only) Learn More

What is Low Testosterone
Testosterone is the male sex hormone produced by the testes and it is important for normal male sexual development and functions. In puberty, testosterone helps in the development of male features like body and facial hair, deeper voice and muscle strength testosterone is also required for sperm production. The condition in which there is low testosterone levels is called Testosterone Deficiency Syndrome (TD) or Low Testosterone (Low-T). Low testosterone levels can interfere with sexual function and moods. Older men tend to have low blood testosterone levels as levels generally decrease with age.

Male Infertility (Men Only) Learn More

What is Male Infertility
Male infertility is due to low sperm production, abnormal sperm function, or blockages that prevent the delivery of sperm, causing difficulty in or the loss of ability for conception. Sperm abnormality can be either due to an unusually short life span of the sperm and/or low mobility. Infertility may also result from a hormone deficiency.

Prostate Enlargement (Men Only) Learn More

What is Prostate Enlargement
Prostate enlargement or Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition in which the prostate gland becomes enlarged and is not cancerous. The prostate goes through two main growth periods as a man ages first occurs early in puberty, when the prostate doubles in size and the second phase begins around the age of 25 and continues throughout most of a man's life. Enlargement often occurs with the second growth phase. Imbalance of testosterone levels can lead to prostate enlargement. As the prostate enlarges, the gland presses against the urethra, weakening the bladder and eventually, one may lose the ability to empty the bladder completely.

Gynecomastia (Men Only) Learn More

What is Gynecomastia
Gynecomastia is the most common breast condition in males it is characterized by generalized enlargement of the breast tissue with the presence of a rubbery or firm mass extending from the nipple. The most important cause of gynecomastia is an imbalance between the levels of estrogen and androgen. Other causes include conditions that interfere with testosterone levels in the body and hormonal changes which occur as a part of ageing. Gynecomastia can occur in the neonatal, pubertal and older ages.

Thyroid Related Disorders

Goiter Learn More

What is Goiter
Goiter is the abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland. It is usually painless, however, a large Goiter cause difficulty in swallowing and breathing. Goiter can occur when the thyroid gland produces either excess thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism), insufficient (hypothyroidism) levels of the thyroid hormone, or may occur even with a normal production of thyroid hormone. Goiter could be caused due to a lack of iodine in diets, consumption of a diet with Goiter-promoting foods, or when the pituitary gland stimulates thyroid growth. Goiter could affect the female population significantly more than the male population.

Graves' Disease Learn More

What is Graves' Disease
Graves' Disease (GD) is an autoimmune disorder causing hyperfunction of the thyroid gland, leading to thyroid enlargement and increased thyroid hormone production. There is an increase in the fraction of triiodothyronine hormone (T3) relative to thyroxine hormone (T4). Graves' disease is a common cause of hyperthyroidism. Women are at an increased risk of developing Graves' Disease.

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Learn More

What is Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland. This leads to the development of hypothyroidism, though the disease may occur with a normal thyroid activity. Hashimoto's disease can be detected chemically by the presence of antibodies, rise in TSH level, or low blood levels of thyroid hormones.

Hypothyroidism Learn More

What is Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is a condition resulting from the deficiency of thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones play a major role in metabolism and have a direct effect on your body's temperature, heartbeat and metabolism. There are two types of hypothyroidism. Primary hypothyroidism is caused due to problems with the thyroid gland and secondary hypothyroidism occurs due to a failure in adequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion from the pituitary gland or in the secretion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus.

Diabetes

Gestational Diabetes Learn More

What is Gestational Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a condition wherein women without a previous diagnosis of diabetes exhibit abnormal blood glucose levels during pregnancy. During pregnancy, rise in placental hormones causes the body to become slightly resistant to insulin so that more sugar is available in the blood to be passed to the fetus. If insulin resistance increases, it causes abnormally high sugar levels in the bloodstream, resulting in gestational diabetes mellitus.

Type 1 Diabetes Learn More

What is Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease and a form of diabetes wherein the body produces little or no insulin. Contrastingly, in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, insulin is produced but the cells of the body become resistant to insulin or lose the ability of insulin responsiveness. Complications associated with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus are cardiovascular diseases, nerve damage, kidney damage, eye damage, skin conditions and osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis and Bone Health Disorders

Postmenopausal (Women only) Learn More

What is Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal women
Osteoporosis is a condition in which a low bone mass and altered microarchitecture of the bone leads to increased risk of fracture. At menopause the normal bone turnover cycle is impaired by estrogen deficiency. The amount of bone resorbed exceeds the amount deposited, which leads to a net loss of bone.

Osteoporosis Learn More

What is Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a condition in which a low bone mass and an altered microarchitecture of the bone leads to increased risk of fracture. Primary osteoporosis refers to osteoporotic conditions which are not related to other chronic illnesses and is usually associated with aging and decreased gonadal function such as decreased level of estrogen. In contrast, secondary osteoporosis is the type of osteoporosis caused by other health problems. Osteoporosis could be caused by hormonal imbalances of the parathyroid hormone, low levels of sex hormone, or imbalances in pituitary hormones. High concentrations of the thyroid hormone can lead to increased bone breakdown compared to bone formation, which affects bone density and causes osteoporosis.

Primary Hyperparathyroidism Learn More

What is Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroid glands are about the size of a grain of rice and are located in the neck; the glands produce the parathyroid hormone. Primary Hyperparathyroidism is a condition in which there is an excess production and release of the parathyroid hormone in the bloodstream due to overactivity of one or more of the body's four parathyroid glands. Parathyroid hormone maintains an appropriate balance of calcium in the bloodstream and in tissues that depend on calcium for proper functioning.

Immunology

Autoimmune Disorders

Lichen Planus Learn More

What exactly is Lichen Planus?
Lichen planus is an autoimmune disease that produces swelling and irritation in the skin, hair, nails and mucous membranes by attacking skin cells or mucous membranes. Lichen planus typically manifests as a flat, purple, itchy lesion. It most commonly affects middle-aged individuals or women. Lichen planus can arise in conjunction with other autoimmune illnesses.

Dermatomyositis Learn More

Definition of Dermatomyositis
Dermatomyositis is an uncommon condition that causes muscle weakness and a unique skin rash. Small blood veins in muscle tissue are particularly vulnerable. The body incorrectly assaults its own tissue, resulting in inflammatory alterations in the muscles. It eventually leads to the breakdown of muscle fibres due to the presence of inflammatory cells surrounding them, resulting in an autoimmune disorder. Dermatomyositis is caused by genetic variations, environmental conditions and infections.

Systemic Sclerosis Learn More

Explaining Systemic Sclerosis?
Systemic sclerosis, often known as scleroderma, is an autoimmune disease that causes the skin and connective tissues to harden and tighten. It is caused by an excess of collagen production and accumulation in various body tissues. Collagen is a fibrous protein found in connective tissues throughout the body, including our skin. The illness affects not only the skin but also the blood vessels, muscles, digestive system, heart, lungs, kidneys and other organs.

Interstitial Cystitis Learn More

What is Interstitial Cystitis?
Interstitial cystitis is a chronic and painful bladder ailment. It puts pressure on the bladder, which causes pain. There is pain and discomfort in the pelvic area that can range from minor to severe. Interstitial cystitis can also induce changes in urine frequency and urgency. It's a discomfort in the bladder syndrome.

Sjogren's Syndrome Learn More

What exactly is Sjogren's Syndrome?
Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune, inflammatory condition that mostly affects mucus-producing glands such as tear glands (lacrimal glands) and salivary glands, however it can affect other regions of the body as well. Sjogren's syndrome can produce dryness and reduced tear and saliva production. It may be linked to other autoimmune illnesses such as rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and others.

Autoimmune Hepatitis Learn More

Information about Autoimmune Hepatitis?
Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic disease in which the body's immune system destroys its own cells, causing liver damage. This results in liver cirrhosis and, ultimately, liver failure. There are two forms of autoimmune hepatitis: type 1 (common in all age groups) and type 2 (frequent in children and young adults). Other autoimmune disorders may or may not accompany autoimmune hepatitis.

Autoimmune Pancreatitis Learn More

Explanation on Pancreatitis?
Pancreatitis is a condition in which the pancreas becomes inflamed. The pancreas suffers considerable harm when the body's immune system attacks it. The pancreas' function is consequently compromised, resulting in digestive issues and an imbalance in the hormones that regulate blood sugar (glucose) levels. There are two forms of pancreatitis: IgG4-related pancreatitis, which affects many organs such as the bile duct in the liver, salivary glands, lymph nodes and kidneys and type 2 (also known as idiopathic duct-centric pancreatitis), which usually affects the pancreas.

Antiphospholipid Syndrome Learn More

Definition of Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder that frequently results in the development of antibodies that cause blood clots. The immune system targets the proteins in the blood, causing antibodies to develop, which then causes clots to form. These clots occur in arteries or veins throughout the body, including the legs, kidneys, lungs and brain. It is a leading cause of miscarriages and stillbirths among pregnant women. Certain genetic variants can enhance a person's susceptibility to antiphospholipid syndrome.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Learn More

What exactly is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), sometimes known as 'lupus,' is an autoimmune illness in which the body's immune system erroneously assaults healthy cells and tissues, causing damage to the many affected organs. It can cause problems with the joints, brain, skin, lungs, kidneys and blood vessels. Infections, malignancies, bone tissue damage, pregnancy problems and other organ-related disorders are more likely in people with this illness.

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Learn More

Description of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anaemia
Autoimmune hemolytic anaemia is a very uncommon autoimmune disorder. Autoantibodies are produced by the immune system and assault red blood cells. Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body's organs. The quantity of red blood cells is reduced in this disease, resulting in anaemia (lack of haemoglobin). The severity of anaemia is determined by the extent of red blood cell breakdown.

Mixed Connective Tissue Disease Learn More

Defining Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD), often known as overlap disease, is a grouping of several illnesses. The most common clinical characteristics are those of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma and myositis. Sjogren's syndrome is also seen in a small number of persons. The immune system assaults the body's own fibres, which are responsible for the body's support and framework. Certain genetic variants are involved in the development of mixed connective tissue disease.

Discoid Lupus Learn More

What exactly is Discoid Lupus?
Discoid Lupus is a severe autoimmune illness that affects the skin, resulting in the formation of a red, scaly coin-shaped lesion. When exposed to sunshine, these rashes worsen. The immune system attacks healthy skin cells and causes rash formation. Because it does not affect internal organs, discoid lupus differs from systemic lupus. Some of the variables that may worsen the illness are stress, infection and trauma.

Giant Cell Arteritis Learn More

What is Giant Cell Arteritis?
Giant Cell Arteritis, also known as temporal arteritis, is an uncommon illness in which the blood arteries of the head, particularly the temples, become inflamed. Inflammation then reduces blood flow and can harm essential tissues and organs. Further injury can also result in permanent visual loss. It is most common in adults between the ages of 70 and 80.

Pemphigoid Learn More

What exactly is Pemphigoid?
Pemphigoid is a rare autoimmune illness that causes skin rashes and mucus membrane blisters on the legs, arms and belly. The body manufactures autoantibodies by mistake, causing a chain reaction that results in a separation between the inner layer of tissue and the skin above it. Various forms have been recorded depending on the site of blister development, including bullous (arms and legs), cicatricial (mucous membrane of eyes, mouth and nose) and pemphigoid gestations (occurs during pregnancy). It can occur at any age, including children, but it primarily affects the elderly.

Inflammatory Myopathy Learn More

Description of Inflammatory Myopathy
Inflammatory Myopathy is a category of autoimmune chronic disorders that induce muscle inflammation, as well as muscle weakening and pain. Dermatomyositis, polymyositis and inclusion body myositis (IBM) are the three kinds of inflammatory myopathy. Because it is an autoimmune disease, the immune system of the body targets the muscles. It is an uncommon condition that affects both adults and children.

Uveitis Learn More

What exactly is uveitis?
Uveitis is an inflammation of the uvea, the central layer of the eye. Autoimmune uveitis is characterised by inflammatory alterations in the eye tissue generated by an autoimmune reaction to self-antigens or by an inflammatory reaction in response to an external stimulation. It's linked to a systemic autoimmune or autoinflammatory disorder. The location of the inflammation in the eye determines the type of uveitis. There are four types of uveitis: anterior (front), posterior (rear), intermediate (middle) and pan-uveitis (all areas of the eye).

Microscopic Polyangiitis Learn More

Definition of Microscopic Polyangiitis
Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) is a rare autoimmune illness that causes blood vessel inflammation. Inflamed arteries expand and weaken and they may rupture, resulting in tissue bleeding. This may result in further organ damage. Some of the most typically damaged organs are the kidneys, lungs, skin, joints and nerves. The immune system is crucial in the development of microscopic polyangiitis.

Inflammatory Disorder

Behcet's Disease Learn More

Exactly what is Behcet's Disease?
Behcet's Disease is an uncommon kind of vasculitis that causes inflammation of blood vessels of all sizes and types throughout the body, including veins and arteries. It is an autoimmune illness in which the body's immune system incorrectly assaults its own blood vessel cells, causing inflammation. Behcet's Disease is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental causes. Environmental variables, such as Helicobacter pylori infection, enhance an individual's susceptibility to Behcet's Disease.

Circadian Rhythm

Chronotype

Morningness-Eveningness Learn More

What is the difference between Morningness and Eveningness?
The timing of peak physical activity, alertness and other physiologic activities within the 24 hour day is referred to as chronotype or diurnal preference. This preference is determined by the body's internal circadian clock, also known as the body clock. The'morning' chronotype refers to those who prefer earlier bedtimes and waking hours and who do activities at their highest levels earlier in the day. While the chronotype of those who prefer later bedtimes and waking hours, exhibiting the highest degree of activity and alertness later in the day is 'evening'.

Sleep Disorders

Insomnia Learn More

What Precisely Is Insomnia?
Insomnia is a frequent sleeping problem in which a person has difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or both. The individual may be getting insufficient or poor-quality sleep. Insomnia can be acute (temporary) or chronic (permanent). Acute insomnia is widespread and can linger for days or weeks. It is usually caused by a stressful incident. Chronic insomnia, on the other hand, happens at least three evenings each week for at least three months. Most cases of persistent insomnia are secondary, meaning they begin as a result of another problem.

Narcolepsy Learn More

What Exactly Is Narcolepsy?
Narcolepsy is a type of persistent sleep disorder that causes daytime sleepiness and fits of sleep. Affected people can fall asleep at any time of day, even while doing other things. Narcolepsy manifests itself in a variety of ways, including sleep paralysis, excessive drowsiness, hallucinations and, in rare cases, cataplexy - a rapid loss of muscle control caused by powerful emotions such as dread or laughing. Although symptoms may occur in childhood or adolescence, many patients receive a clear diagnosis later in life. Although there is no cure for narcolepsy, certain drugs and behavioural therapy can help patients lead normal and productive lives.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) Learn More

Definition of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder in which breathing regularly stops and starts during sleep. This occurs when the throat muscles relax intermittently during sleep, obstructing the airway. When the airway narrows, breathing becomes insufficient for 10 seconds or more, lowering blood oxygen levels. The brain detects a problem with breathing and awakens the individual to reopen the airway. Snoring is a symptom of obstructive sleep apnea.

Restless Leg Syndrome Learn More

Restless Leg Syndrome Explained
Willis-Ekbom illness is another name for Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). It is a neural system disorder that causes a strong desire to move one's legs and is frequently accompanied by unpleasant sensations in the legs. RLS is categorised as a sleep and movement disorder. However, it is best described as a neurological sensory condition in which symptoms are generated within the brain. RLS can cause weariness and impede an individual's ability to conduct everyday activities, depending on the severity of the symptoms.

Sleep Characterisitcs

Sleep Duration Learn More

How long should you sleep?
Sleep allows the body and mind to replenish and regain their capacities. A regular person should sleep between 7 and 9 hours every day. Babies and young children, on the other hand, have a larger sleep span, but older people typically get 7 to 8 hours of sleep. However, environmental factors such as caffeine use, contact with electronic devices before bedtime, irregular sleep schedules and so on may have an impact on sleep length.

Sleep Latency Learn More

What Exactly Is Sleep Latency?
Sleep latency, also known as sleep onset latency, is the amount of time it takes for a person to go asleep after waking up. Sleep latency can vary from person to person. It is also one of the measures of an individual's sleep quantity and quality.